Xylobolus brasiliensis is characterised by resupinate to effused reflexed basidiomata often stratified in several layers, 1–2 mm thick; hymenial surface greyish brown, glabrous, smooth to slightly pilose; hyphal system monomitic to pseudodimitic due to the acanthohyphidia, vertically arranged, hyphae clamped. The acanthohyphidia are numerous in trama and hymenium, cylindrical with obtuse apex, 20–74 × 4–8 μm. Basidiospores are yellowish to brownish, subglobose to ellipsoid, 5–6(–6.5) × (3–)3.5–5 μm, slightly thick-walled, smooth in KOH 3 %, minutely ornamented in Melzer, with a lateral prominent apiculus, distinctly amyloid. Morphologically, Xylobolus brasiliensis is quite similar to X. frustulatus, but the latter has shorter acanthohyphidia (25-30 × 4-5 µm) and basidiospores (4.5-5(-5.5) × 3-3.2(-3.5) µm), rare pseudocystidia and elongated basidia (25-30 × 4-5 µm) (Crous et al. 2019).

The species is known only to Brazil.

There are about 7 records of this species (Crous et al. 2019), only to Brazil.

In Brazil, the species is know only to the Atlantic Rain Forest.

In Brazil, this species is recorded in the Atlantic Forest, a hotspot.

All reports are in protected areas.

Other areas should be studied in order to assess the distribution of this species. Herbaria revision is also suggested, once Brazilian material identified as other Xylobolus species may represent X. brasiliensis.

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